Finest drill bits for hardened metal units the stage for this enthralling narrative, providing readers a glimpse right into a story that’s wealthy intimately and brimming with originality from the outset. Drilling into hardened metal generally is a daunting job, however with the correct drill bits, you’ll deal with even the hardest initiatives with confidence.
From understanding the challenges of drilling into hardened metal to deciding on the proper drill bit for the job, we’ll take you thru your entire course of on this complete information. Whether or not you are a seasoned DIY fanatic or an expert contractor, you may discover worthwhile data and skilled suggestions that can assist you obtain professional-grade outcomes.
Understanding the Challenges of Drilling Hardened Metal
Drilling into hardened metal generally is a daunting job, because it requires specialised instruments and methods to stop injury to the fabric and the drill bit. Hardened metal, with its excessive hardness and density, presents vital challenges to drill bit efficiency and effectivity. With the intention to overcome these challenges, it is important to know the elements that have an effect on drill bit efficiency and the widespread issues that happen when drilling into hardened metal.
Causes Why Drilling into Hardened Metal is Troublesome
Drilling into hardened metal is difficult as a result of following causes:
- Excessive hardness and density: Hardened metal is extraordinarily laborious and dense, making it proof against drill bit penetration and growing the chance of drill bit breakage.
- Restricted drill bit flute design: Drill bits designed for hardened metal usually have a shorter flute design to scale back binding and improve chopping effectivity, however this additionally limits their elimination of particles and may result in elevated warmth technology.
- Innovative put on: The excessive hardness of hardened metal could cause the chopping edges of the drill bit to put on shortly, resulting in decreased efficiency and elevated threat of breakage.
- Elevated warmth technology: The excessive friction generated throughout drilling into hardened metal could cause the drill bit to warmth up, resulting in decreased effectivity and probably damaging the fabric.
Widespread Issues when Drilling into Hardened Metal
Some widespread issues that happen when drilling into hardened metal embody:
- Drill bit breakage: The excessive hardness and density of hardened metal could cause drill bits to interrupt or shatter, resulting in downtime and elevated prices.
- Materials injury: Drilling into hardened metal with out correct approach and instruments can result in materials injury, together with chipping, cracking, or discoloration.
- Decreased chopping effectivity: The excessive friction generated throughout drilling into hardened metal can result in decreased chopping effectivity and elevated drilling occasions.
- Incapacity to achieve desired precision: The issue in drilling into hardened metal could make it difficult to realize the specified precision and accuracy.
Position of Correct Device Choice in Stopping these Points
The important thing to efficiently drilling into hardened metal lies in correct instrument choice and correct approach. The suitable drill bit and approach can forestall the widespread issues talked about above and guarantee correct and environment friendly drilling. When deciding on a drill bit for hardened metal, it is important to contemplate the next elements:
- Drill bit materials: Search for drill bits produced from sturdy supplies similar to titanium nitride (TiN) or PVD (Bodily Vapor Deposition) coatings, which give elevated hardness and resistance to put on.
- Flute design: Select drill bits with a flute design that maximizes chopping effectivity and minimizes binding, similar to a spiral-flute design.
- Bit dimension and form: Choose a drill bit with the correct dimension and form to maximise penetration and reduce put on on the bit.
- Bit materials hardness: Choose a drill bit with a hardness that matches or exceeds the hardness of the fabric to make sure optimum chopping efficiency.
Ideas for Enhancing Slicing Effectivity
To enhance chopping effectivity when drilling into hardened metal, contemplate the next suggestions:
- Keep correct drill bit coolant: Use a high-quality coolant to scale back warmth technology and lubricate the chopping edges.
- Use a gradual feed price: Apply a constant feed price to stop fast put on on the drill bit and promote environment friendly chopping.
- Keep away from sharp corners: Use a drill bit with a rounded edge or a ball nostril tip to scale back the chance of sharp nook formation, which might result in binding and decreased chopping effectivity.
- Monitor drill bit temperature: Use a thermocouple or different temperature-measuring system to observe drill bit temperature and alter feeding parameters as wanted.
Finest Drill Bit Supplies for Hardened Metal
In relation to drilling into hardened metal, the correct drill bit materials could make all of the distinction. Hardened metal is notoriously tough to drill by way of, because of its excessive hardness and resistance to put on and tear. On this part, we’ll talk about the perfect drill bit supplies for hardened metal, analyzing their benefits and drawbacks, and evaluating their efficiency.
Excessive-Velocity Metal (HSS) Drill Bits
HSS drill bits are probably the most generally used supplies for drilling into hardened metal. They provide a stability between price, sturdiness, and efficiency. The benefits of HSS drill bits embody:
- Price-effective: HSS drill bits are usually cheaper than different drill bit supplies.
- Abrasion resistance: HSS drill bits have the next put on resistance than different supplies, making them appropriate for high-speed drilling.
- Straightforward to sharpen: HSS drill bits will be simply sharpened and resharpened, extending their lifespan.
Nevertheless, HSS drill bits have some vital disadvantages, notably when drilling into hardened metal. These embody:
- Decrease hardness: HSS drill bits have a decrease hardness than different supplies, making them extra vulnerable to put on and tear.
- Decreased sturdiness: HSS drill bits might not final so long as different drill bit supplies when drilling into hardened metal.
- Elevated threat of breakage: HSS drill bits could also be extra prone to break or chip when drilling into hardened metal.
Cobalt Drill Bits
Cobalt drill bits are one other widespread materials for drilling into hardened metal. They provide improved sturdiness and resistance to put on and tear in comparison with HSS drill bits. The benefits of cobalt drill bits embody:
- Elevated hardness: Cobalt drill bits have the next hardness than HSS drill bits, making them extra proof against put on and tear.
- Improved sturdiness: Cobalt drill bits are much less prone to break or chip when drilling into hardened metal.
- Enhanced abrasion resistance: Cobalt drill bits have the next abrasion resistance than HSS drill bits, making them appropriate for high-speed drilling.
Nevertheless, cobalt drill bits even have some disadvantages, together with:
- Greater price: Cobalt drill bits are usually costlier than HSS drill bits.
- Harder to sharpen: Cobalt drill bits could also be tougher to sharpen and resharpen than HSS drill bits.
Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) Drill Bits
PCD drill bits are probably the most superior materials for drilling into hardened metal. They provide unparalleled sturdiness and resistance to put on and tear, making them the go-to selection for high-speed drilling. The benefits of PCD drill bits embody:
- Excessive hardness: PCD drill bits have an exceptionally excessive hardness, making them proof against put on and tear.
- Distinctive sturdiness: PCD drill bits are extremely proof against breakage and chipping.
- Excessive-speed drilling: PCD drill bits can drill at extraordinarily excessive speeds with out compromising their efficiency.
Nevertheless, PCD drill bits even have some vital disadvantages, together with:
- Excessive price: PCD drill bits are usually the most costly drill bit materials.
- Troublesome to sharpen: PCD drill bits could also be tough to sharpen and resharpen, requiring specialised tools.
Selecting the Proper Sort of Drill Bit for Hardened Metal
In relation to drilling into hardened metal, the kind of drill bit you utilize could make all of the distinction. The suitable drill bit can assist you obtain a clear, exact gap with minimal injury to the encompassing materials. Nevertheless, the mistaken drill bit may end up in a messy, tough gap that will require extra machining or repairs.
Twist Drill Bits
Twist drill bits are the commonest sort of drill bit and are generally used for drilling into varied supplies, together with hardened metal. They’ve a spiral flute design that permits for environment friendly Chip elimination and gives a clear gap. Nevertheless, twist drill bits have some limitations in the case of drilling into hardened metal. The excessive hardness of the metal could cause the drill bit to overheat, resulting in decreased efficiency and accuracy.
- Twist drill bits could cause extreme instrument put on as a result of excessive hardness of the metal.
- They are often vulnerable to breakage as a result of shock and stress attributable to drilling into hardened metal.
Core Drill Bits
Core drill bits are designed for drilling large-diameter holes in varied supplies, together with hardened metal. They’ve a hole drill bit design that permits for extra environment friendly Chip elimination and gives a clear gap. Core drill bits are appropriate for drilling into hardened metal as a result of they will stand up to the excessive hardness and temperature related to drilling into this materials.
- Core drill bits are designed for drilling large-diameter holes, making them ideally suited for purposes the place a big gap is required.
- They will stand up to the excessive hardness and temperature related to drilling into hardened metal.
Spade Drill Bits, Finest drill bits for hardened metal
Spade drill bits are a sort of drill bit that’s particularly designed for drilling into hardwoods and different dense supplies. They’ve a flat, broad design that permits for environment friendly Chip elimination and gives a clear gap. Spade drill bits can be utilized for drilling into hardened metal, however they aren’t as efficient as different varieties of drill bits, similar to twist drill bits or core drill bits.
- Spade drill bits usually are not as efficient as different varieties of drill bits for drilling into hardened metal.
- They are often vulnerable to breakage as a result of excessive hardness and temperature related to drilling into hardened metal.
Drill Bit Coatings and Therapies for Hardened Metal
Drill bit coatings and coverings play a vital position in enhancing the efficiency and lifespan of drill bits when drilling into hardened metal. These coatings and coverings present a further layer of safety and put on resistance, permitting drill bits to keep up their effectiveness and accuracy.
Titanium Nitride (TiN) Coatings
Titanium nitride coatings are extensively used on drill bits because of their distinctive put on resistance and talent to face up to excessive temperatures. These coatings are utilized by way of a strategy of bodily vapor deposition, the place a skinny layer of titanium nitride is deposited onto the drill bit floor. The advantages of TiN coatings embody:
- Elevated put on resistance: TiN coatings present a further layer of safety in opposition to put on and tear, permitting drill bits to keep up their effectiveness and accuracy.
- Improved thermal conductivity: TiN coatings are extremely thermal conductive, serving to to dissipate warmth away from the drill bit and stopping overheating.
- Enhanced drill bit life: TiN coatings can considerably lengthen the lifespan of drill bits, decreasing the necessity for frequent replacements.
Diamond Coatings
Diamond coatings are a comparatively new and extremely superior expertise in drill bit coatings. These coatings are utilized by way of a strategy of chemical vapor deposition, the place a skinny layer of diamond is deposited onto the drill bit floor. Diamond coatings provide an distinctive stage of wear and tear resistance and thermal conductivity, offering improved drill bit efficiency and lifespan.
- Improved accuracy: Diamond coatings present a extremely easy floor end, permitting for improved accuracy and precision when drilling into hardened metal.
- Enhanced drill bit life: Diamond coatings can considerably lengthen the lifespan of drill bits, decreasing the necessity for frequent replacements.
- Improved thermal conductivity: Diamond coatings are extremely thermal conductive, serving to to dissipate warmth away from the drill bit and stopping overheating.
Mixture of Coatings and Therapies
Some drill bits function a mixture of coatings and coverings, offering a further layer of safety and put on resistance. These combos can embody:
- TiN and diamond coatings: A mix of TiN and diamond coatings can present an distinctive stage of wear and tear resistance and thermal conductivity, bettering drill bit efficiency and lifespan.
- Tremendous laborious coatings: Some drill bits function tremendous laborious coatings, that are utilized by way of a strategy of bodily vapor deposition. These coatings present a further layer of safety in opposition to put on and tear.
Drill Bit Dimension and Geometry for Hardened Metal: Finest Drill Bits For Hardened Metal
Drilling into hardened metal will be difficult, and the selection of drill bit dimension and geometry performs a vital position within the success of the drilling course of. A drill bit that’s too small might not be capable of penetrate the metal successfully, whereas a drill bit that’s too giant might trigger the metal to shatter or break up. It’s important to pick the right drill bit dimension and geometry to make sure a robust and correct gap.
When drilling into hardened metal, it’s important to contemplate the connection between the drill bit dimension and geometry. A drill bit with a smaller diameter might not be capable of stand up to the forces of drilling into hardened metal, whereas a drill bit with a bigger diameter could also be simpler however may additionally trigger the metal to shatter or break up. The purpose angle and lip angle of the drill bit additionally play a major position in figuring out the effectiveness of the drill bit when drilling into hardened metal.
Significance of Appropriate Drill Bit Dimension
Choosing the right drill bit dimension is important for a number of causes. Firstly, a drill bit that’s too small might not be capable of penetrate the metal successfully, leading to a poor-quality gap and even damaging the encompassing materials. Secondly, a drill bit that’s too giant might trigger the metal to shatter or break up, which might result in expensive repairs and even security hazards.
To decide on the right drill bit dimension, contemplate the next pointers:
- Calculate the required gap dimension primarily based on the venture necessities. Consider the fabric being drilled, the specified gap dimension, and any tolerances or clearances wanted.
- Choose a drill bit with a diameter barely bigger than the required gap dimension. This may make sure that the drill bit can penetrate the metal successfully with out inflicting injury.
- Think about the fabric thickness and choose a drill bit with a enough depth of lower to make sure correct gap location.
Level Angle and Lip Angle
The purpose angle and lip angle of the drill bit additionally play a major position in figuring out the effectiveness of the drill bit when drilling into hardened metal. The purpose angle determines the angle at which the drill bit penetrates the metal, whereas the lip angle impacts the elimination of fabric because the drill bit advances.
A drill bit with a pointy level angle (usually between 118° and 120°) is simpler when drilling into hardened metal, because it reduces the probability of the metal shattering or splitting. The lip angle, then again, impacts the elimination of fabric and will be adjusted relying on the fabric being drilled.
A bigger lip angle (usually between 15° and 30°) is simpler for drilling into softer supplies, whereas a smaller lip angle (usually between 3° and 10°) is simpler for drilling into tougher supplies.
Tip: When drilling into hardened metal, use a drill bit with a pointy level angle (118° to 120°) and a average lip angle (10° to fifteen°) for optimum outcomes.
Drilling Velocity and Feed Fee for Hardened Metal
When drilling into hardened metal, sustaining the optimum drilling velocity and feed price is essential for profitable penetration and minimizing the chance of instrument failure. The mistaken velocity and feed price can result in elevated instrument put on, decreased instrument life, and even injury to the workpiece. Subsequently, it’s important to know the significance of controlling drilling velocity and feed price when drilling into hardened metal.
Optimum Drilling Speeds for Totally different Varieties of Drill Bits
The optimum drilling velocity varies relying on the kind of drill bit used. Listed below are some common pointers for various kinds of drill bits:
- Tungsten Carbide (TC) Drill Bits: For drilling into hardened metal, TC drill bits are really useful for his or her excessive put on resistance and hardness. The optimum drilling velocity for TC drill bits is usually between 100-150 m/min (328-492 ft/min).
- Excessive-Velocity Metal (HSS) Drill Bits: HSS drill bits are cheaper than TC drill bits however have a decrease put on resistance. The optimum drilling velocity for HSS drill bits is usually between 50-100 m/min (164-328 ft/min).
- Cobalt Drill Bits: Cobalt drill bits have the next put on resistance than HSS drill bits however decrease than TC drill bits. The optimum drilling velocity for cobalt drill bits is usually between 80-120 m/min (262-393 ft/min) for drilling into hardened metal.
The optimum drilling velocity may also range relying on the precise software, similar to the kind of workpiece materials, its thickness, and the required gap dimension.
Sustaining a Constant Feed Fee
Sustaining a constant feed price is essential when drilling into hardened metal. A constant feed price helps to scale back the chance of instrument failure and ensures that the opening is drilled precisely and effectively.
Feed price is usually expressed in mm/min or inches/min and ought to be adjusted in keeping with the precise software.
Listed below are some common pointers for choosing the correct feed price:
- Newbie-level feed charges: 0.5-1.5 mm/min (0.02-0.06 in/min) for drilling into small, skinny workpieces.
- Intermediate feed charges: 1.0-3.0 mm/min (0.04-0.12 in/min) for drilling into medium-sized workpieces.
- Superior feed charges: 2.0-5.0 mm/min (0.08-0.2 in/min) for drilling into giant, thick workpieces.
At all times begin with a decrease feed price and steadily improve it as wanted, taking care to not exceed the really useful most feed price for the precise drill bit used.
Fixed Versus Variable Feed Charges
Fixed feed charges contain sustaining a constant feed price all through the drilling course of, whereas variable feed charges contain adjusting the feed price in keeping with the precise drilling circumstances.
| Fixed Feed Charges | Variable Feed Charges |
|---|---|
| Benefits: Improved accuracy, decreased instrument put on, and elevated drilling effectivity. | Benefits: Elevated flexibility, potential to accommodate completely different drilling circumstances, and decreased threat of instrument failure. |
| Disadvantages: Could not accommodate various drilling circumstances, probably resulting in instrument failure or inaccurate gap sizing. | Disadvantages: Could require extra coaching and expertise to regulate feed charges successfully, probably resulting in decreased accuracy and elevated instrument put on. |
The selection between fixed and variable feed charges relies on the precise software, the kind of workpiece materials, and the required gap dimension.
Lubrication and Cooling Strategies for Drilling Hardened Metal
Drilling into hardened metal requires cautious consideration of the lubrication and cooling strategies used to stop overheating and injury to the drill bit and surrounding materials. Efficient lubrication and cooling can considerably enhance drill bit efficiency, cut back materials put on, and reduce downtime. When drilling into hardened metal, the perfect lubrication technique ought to present a constant movie of lubricant, preserve a low temperature, and stop the formation of a built-up edge (BUE) on the drill bit.
Significance of Lubrication in Drilling Hardened Metal
Lubrication performs a vital position in drilling hardened metal, because it helps to scale back friction and put on on the drill bit and surrounding materials. The perfect lubricant ought to present a constant movie of lubricant, preserve a low temperature, and stop the formation of a built-up edge (BUE) on the drill bit. lubricant can assist to increase the lifetime of the drill bit, cut back downtime, and enhance total drilling effectivity.
- Selecting the Proper Lubricant: When deciding on a lubricant for drilling hardened metal, contemplate the kind of materials you’re working with, the temperature vary, and the drill bit materials. Some widespread lubricants for drilling hardened metal embody oil-based lubricants, water-based lubricants, and strong lubricants.
- Key Traits of Lubricants: Search for lubricants which have a excessive viscosity index, low toxicity, and low volatility. Moreover, contemplate lubricants which can be suitable with the drill bit materials and the encompassing materials.
- Filtration and Upkeep: Frequently examine and preserve the filtration system to make sure optimum lubricant circulation and stop contamination. This helps to increase the lifetime of the lubricant and stop overheating.
Position of Cooling Strategies in Drilling Hardened Metal
Cooling strategies play a significant position in stopping warmth buildup and bettering drill bit efficiency when drilling into hardened metal. Warmth buildup could cause the drill bit to overheat, resulting in decreased drilling effectivity and probably catastrophic failure. Efficient cooling strategies can assist to keep up a secure temperature, decreasing the chance of overheating and bettering total drilling efficiency.
- Coolant Issues: When selecting a coolant for drilling hardened metal, contemplate the kind of coolant, its compatibility with the drill bit and surrounding materials, and its potential to keep up a constant temperature. Some widespread coolants for drilling hardened metal embody water-based coolants, oil-based coolants, and compressed air.
- Key Advantages of Cooling Strategies: Efficient cooling strategies can assist to enhance drilling effectivity, cut back downtime, and lengthen the lifetime of the drill bit. Moreover, cooling strategies can assist to stop materials distortion and enhance floor end.
- Temperature Management: Monitor and management the temperature on the drill bit to stop overheating. This may be achieved utilizing a temperature probe, a drilling fluid, or a mixture of each.
Advantages of Combining Lubrication and Cooling Strategies
Combining lubrication and cooling strategies when drilling into hardened metal can present vital advantages, together with improved drilling effectivity, decreased downtime, and prolonged drill bit life. Through the use of a mixture of lubrication and cooling strategies, you may preserve a constant temperature, forestall materials distortion, and obtain a easy floor end.
- Optimized Drilling Efficiency: Combining lubrication and cooling strategies can assist to optimize drilling efficiency, cut back downtime, and lengthen the lifetime of the drill bit.
- Improved Floor End: Efficient lubrication and cooling can assist to enhance floor end, decreasing the chance of fabric distortion and bettering total product high quality.
- Decreased Materials Waste: By sustaining a constant temperature and stopping materials distortion, you may cut back materials waste and enhance total course of effectivity.
Drilling Strategies for Hardened Metal
Drilling into hardened metal will be difficult because of its excessive hardness and toughness. To beat these challenges, varied drilling methods are employed to make sure correct and environment friendly drilling. On this part, we’ll discover the variations between spot drilling and helical drilling, the advantages and limitations of utilizing a drill press versus a handheld drill, and the effectiveness of utilizing a rotary hammer versus a standard drill when drilling into hardened metal.
Variations between Spot Drilling and Helical Drilling
Spot drilling and helical drilling are two widespread methods used for drilling into hardened metal. Spot drilling includes drilling a number of small holes in a round sample to create a pilot gap, whereas helical drilling includes drilling a steady spiral groove by way of the fabric.
- Spot Drilling: Spot drilling is a way the place a number of small holes are drilled in a round sample to create a pilot gap. This technique is appropriate for drilling into areas inaccessible by a steady drill bit. Spot drilling additionally permits for extra management over the drilling course of.
- Helical Drilling: Helical drilling includes drilling a steady spiral groove by way of the fabric. This technique is extra environment friendly than spot drilling and may deal with heavier-duty drilling purposes. Helical drilling additionally generates much less vibration and warmth, decreasing the chance of harm to the drill bit or workpiece.
When to make use of every approach relies on the precise software and necessities. For instance, spot drilling is finest fitted to drilling into areas with advanced geometries or the place house is restricted, whereas helical drilling is extra appropriate for drilling into bigger areas or for heavy-duty purposes.
Drill Press vs. Handheld Drill: Advantages and Limitations
Utilizing a drill press versus a handheld drill when drilling into hardened metal has its benefits and drawbacks.
- Drill Press: A drill press is a stationary machine that may present wonderful precision and management when drilling into hardened metal. The drill press may also deal with heavier-duty drilling purposes and may preserve a constant drilling velocity. Nevertheless, a drill press will be costly and will require a major quantity of house.
- Handheld Drill: A handheld drill is a conveyable system that can be utilized for drilling into hardened metal. Handheld drills are cheaper than drill presses and require much less house to function. Nevertheless, handheld drills can produce inconsistent drilling speeds and will trigger extra vibration and warmth technology.
The selection between a drill press and a handheld drill relies on the precise software and necessities. If precision and management are paramount, a drill press is the higher selection. Nevertheless, if house and value are considerations, a handheld drill could also be a extra appropriate possibility.
Rotary Hammer vs. Conventional Drill: Effectiveness in Drilling Hardened Metal
Utilizing a rotary hammer versus a standard drill when drilling into hardened metal has its advantages and limitations.
- Rotary Hammer: A rotary hammer is a specialised drill that makes use of a percussive movement to interrupt by way of the fabric. Rotary hammers are efficient for drilling into hardened metal and may deal with robust drilling purposes. Nevertheless, rotary hammers can produce a major quantity of vibration and warmth technology, which might trigger injury to the drill bit or workpiece.
- Conventional Drill: A standard drill makes use of a rotary movement to drill by way of the fabric. Conventional drills are cheaper than rotary hammers and require much less upkeep. Nevertheless, conventional drills might wrestle to drill into hardened metal and may produce extra vibration and warmth technology.
The selection between a rotary hammer and a standard drill relies on the precise software and necessities. If heavy-duty drilling is required, a rotary hammer is a better option. Nevertheless, if lighter-duty drilling is enough, a standard drill could also be a extra appropriate possibility.
Wrap-Up
In conclusion, selecting the perfect drill bits for hardened metal requires cautious consideration of a number of key elements, together with the kind of drill bit materials, design, and coatings. By following the steering Artikeld on this article, you may be well-equipped to deal with even the hardest drilling duties and obtain distinctive outcomes.
Keep in mind, the correct drill bit could make all of the distinction on the earth in the case of drilling into hardened metal. Take the time to decide on the proper drill bit in your venture, and you will be rewarded with quick, correct, and stress-free drilling.
Common Inquiries
Q: What’s the finest drill bit materials for drilling into hardened metal?
A: Excessive-speed metal (HSS) drill bits are a well-liked selection for drilling into hardened metal because of their sturdiness and effectiveness.
Q: Can I exploit a wooden drill bit to drill into hardened metal?
A: No, utilizing a wooden drill bit to drill into hardened metal can result in injury, overheating, and decreased drill bit life. As a substitute, select a drill bit particularly designed for drilling into metallic supplies.
Q: How briskly ought to I drill into hardened metal?
A: The optimum drilling velocity will rely upon the kind of drill bit and the precise venture necessities. Typically, a slower drilling velocity will assist forestall extreme warmth buildup and cut back the chance of drill bit injury.
Q: Can I exploit a hand drill to drill into hardened metal?
A: No, a hand drill might not present enough torque or management for drilling into hardened metal. As a substitute, use an influence drill or drill press with a sturdy motor and adjustable velocity settings.
